What Is a Heart Attack?

A heart attack—technically known as a myocardial infarction—is a medical emergency where the heart's blood supply is suddenly cut off, usually due to a blockage in one or more coronary arteries. This blockage prevents oxygen-rich blood from reaching a section of the heart muscle, which can lead to tissue death if not quickly treated. It is one of the leading causes of death globally and can strike with little or no warning.

The Underlying Cause

Most heart attacks are caused by atherosclerosis, a condition in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up along the artery walls. Over time, these plaques can rupture, triggering the formation of a blood clot. If the clot fully blocks a coronary artery, blood flow is halted, and a heart attack ensues. In rare cases, a heart attack can also result from a severe artery spasm or from spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), particularly in younger patients.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Not all heart attacks look the same. Classic symptoms include:

• -Chest pain or pressure, often described as squeezing or a heavy weight

• -Pain radiating to the left arm, jaw, neck, or back

• -Shortness of breath, even at rest

• -Cold sweats

• -Nausea or vomiting

• -Light-headedness or sudden fatigue

Women, older adults, and people with diabetes may experience subtler symptoms, such as unusual tiredness or abdominal discomfort, which can delay diagnosis.

Risk Factors You Should Know

Several factors raise your risk of having a heart attack:

• -High blood pressure

• -High cholesterol levels

• -Smoking

• -Obesity or poor diet

• -Lack of physical activity

• -Diabetes

• -Excessive alcohol consumption

• -Chronic stress or depression

• -Family history of heart disease

The more risk factors present, the higher the likelihood of a cardiac event, especially if lifestyle changes aren't implemented.

Immediate Actions Can Save Lives

If you or someone nearby experiences heart attack symptoms, call emergency services immediately. While waiting:

• -Encourage the person to chew aspirin (unless allergic) to reduce clotting.

• -Help them remain calm and seated or lying down.

• -Monitor their breathing and pulse. Be prepared to perform CPR if necessary.

Delays in treatment significantly increase the risk of death or long-term heart damage. The first hour is crucial and often referred to as the “golden hour.”

Diagnosis and Treatment

Upon hospital arrival, doctors may perform:

• -Electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect heart rhythm changes

• -Blood tests for cardiac enzymes

• -Angiography to locate the blockage

Treatment may include:

• -Thrombolytics to dissolve clots

• -Angioplasty and stenting to open arteries

• -Coronary artery bypass surgery

• Medications like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, or statins

Post-recovery, patients usually undergo cardiac rehabilitation to rebuild strength, manage lifestyle changes, and prevent recurrence.

Long-Term Outlook and Prevention

Surviving a heart attack is a turning point. Long-term health depends on:

• -Heart-friendly lifestyle adjustments (diet, exercise, quitting smoking)

• -Regular checkups and medication adherence

• -Managing underlying conditions like diabetes or hypertension

• -Stress reduction and mental health care

With proper care, many people return to normal activities, but ignoring risk factors can lead to future attacks or heart failure.